Research Article

Correlation between gene polymorphisms of CYP1A1, GSTP1, ERCC2, XRCC1, and XRCC3 and susceptibility to lung cancer

Published: November 03, 2016
Genet. Mol. Res. 15(4): gmr15048813 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4238/gmr15048813
Cite this Article:
H.X. Liu, J. Li, B.G. Ye, H.X. Liu, J. Li, B.G. Ye (2016). Correlation between gene polymorphisms of CYP1A1, GSTP1, ERCC2, XRCC1, and XRCC3 and susceptibility to lung cancer. Genet. Mol. Res. 15(4): gmr15048813. https://doi.org/10.4238/gmr15048813
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Abstract

Lung cancer is a common malignant tumor that is characterized by high morbidity and poor prognosis. Studies suggest that an individual’s genetic background affects the risk of developing lung cancer. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to lung cancer. We recruited 308 primary lung cancer patients as subjects and 253 healthy adults as controls. After extraction of DNA from blood samples, gene polymorphisms in CYP1A1, GSTP1, ERCC2, XRCC1, and XRCC3 were investigated by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism. The frequencies of the genotypes in both groups were investigated to obtain odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals, and correlation analysis was carried out. The analysis results showed that the following polymorphisms were correlated with susceptibility to lung cancer: rs4646903 in CYP1A1 (P < 0.001), rs1048943 in CYP1A1 (P < 0.001), rs1695 in GSTP1 (P < 0.05), rs13181 in ERCC2 (P < 0.001), and rs25487 in XRCC1 (P < 0.05); no such correlation existed in rs861539 in XRCC3 (P > 0.05). The study revealed that the more high-risk gene polymorphisms a patient carries, the greater the risk of developing lung cancer. Carriers of rs4646903 in CYP1A1, rs1048943 in CYP1A1, rs1695 in GSTP1, rs13181 in ERCC2, and rs25487 in XRCC1 are more likely to develop lung cancer.

 

INTRODUCTION

Lung cancer is a common malignant tumor that is characterized by high morbidity and poor prognosis (Malvezzi et al., 2013). Early diagnosis and treatment can effectively improve the prospects for patients with lung cancer. However, the pathogenesis of lung cancer is still not clear. Existing studies have shown that long-term smoking can increase the risk of lung cancer, and that one of every 10 smokers will develop cancer (Hecht et al., 2016). Moreover, risk studies on different populations of lung cancer patients suggest that risks are different among smokers. This indicates that smokers from different genetic backgrounds have different levels of sensitivity to lung cancer (Malvezzi et al., 2015). However, gene mutation is the main cause of adenocarcinoma, which is another subtype of lung cancer. To date, lung cancer therapy has been based on operations and multidisciplinary and comprehensive treatment.

Smoking or long-term exposure to other carcinogens can damage genomic DNA, which can ultimately lead to cancer (Hecht et al., 1999). Several genes are associated with the occurrence of lung cancer (Liu, et al., 2015); epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), and V-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) are the most commonly mutated genes in lung cancer patients (Choi et al., 2016). However, the drugs that are commonly used to treat such patients are not universally effective. The expression of genes that are associated with the metabolism of carcinogens, such as the cytochrome oxidase (cytochrome P450, CYP) superfamily and the glutathione S-transferase (glutathione-S-transferases, GST) superfamily, may be closely related to individual susceptibility to cancer (García-González et al., 2012; Ghoshal et al., 2014). Moreover, DNA damage repair-related gene expression levels have a major impact on the incidence of malignant tumors (Brosh, 2013). Mota et al. (2015) found that genetic polymorphisms can influence the expression of genes and the activity of the proteins they encode, which may ultimately affect an individual’s risk of developing cancer (Chen et al., 2012).

Therefore, in this study we investigated the relationship between the occurrence of polymorphisms in CYP1A1, GSTP1, nucleotide excision repair cross-complementation group gene 2 (ERCC2), X-ray repair cross-complementing gene (XRCC1), and X-ray repair cross-complementing gene 3 (XRCC3), and susceptibility to lung cancer.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Subjects

Three hundred and eight patients with lung cancer, aged 51 ± 6.2 years, were randomly recruited between June 2008 and June 2014 from Guangdong Pharmaceutical University. All patients were diagnosed with primary lung cancer by histopathological analysis and computed tomography scans of the chest. The subjects were divided into one of four categories according to the international classification of oncology and pathology analysis: adenocarcinoma, squamous cell lung carcinoma, small cell lung cancer, or large cell lung cancer. Two hundred and fifty-three healthy volunteers, aged 50 ± 5.7 years, were selected as controls during the same period; the control volunteers were all free from clinical cancer, ischemic heart disease, or chronic respiratory diseases. The present study received the approval and supervision of the Ethics Committee, and informed consent from the patients or their legal guardians.

Gene polymorphisms

Polymorphisms and the distribution of genes CYP1A1, ERCC2, XRCC1, and XRCC3 were detected by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). All subjects had fasted since the morning, and blood was collected in 5-mL ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) anticoagulant-coated tubes (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA); DNA was isolated from the blood samples using a blood DNA kit (Qiagen). DNA content was measured using a UV spectrophotometer (Merinton) and the samples were stored at -20°C. The rs4646903 and rs1048943 polymorphisms of CYP1A1, rs1695 of GSTP1, rs13181 of ERCC2, rs25487 of XRCC1, and rs861539 of XRCC3 were selected for analysis. Primers were designed for PCR-RFLP detection according to the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database and the human genome sequence data for CYP1A1, GSTP1, ERCC2, XRCC1, and XRCC3 genes; they were synthetized by Sangon and are shown in Table 1. We used the isolated DNA as a template for PCR amplification. The PCR system comprised 0.5 μL primers (50 pM), 0.2 μL Taq, 2.5 μL 10X PCR buffer, 1.0 μL dNTP (5 mM), and double-distilled H2O making a total volume of 25.0 μL. The PCR regimen was: 95°C for 5 min; followed by 30 cycles of 95°C for 30 s, 60°C for 30 s, and 72°C for 1 min; and a final stage at 72°C for 10 min. The CYP1A1, ERCC2, XRCC1, and XRCC3 amplification products were incubated with restriction enzymes (NEB) and digested at 37°C for 16 h. The digestion products were then analyzed by electrophoresis at 120 V for 20 min (the different polymorphic locus restriction enzymes used are shown in Table 1). GSTP1 was amplified by outer primers GSTP1-exF and GSTP1-exR and inner primers GSTP1-inF and GSTP1-inR.

Amplified polymerase chain reaction primer sequences.

Name Sequence Restriction enzyme
CYP1A1-M1F 5'-TTCCACCCGTTGCAGGATAGCC-3ʹ MspI
CYP1A1-M1R 5ʹ-CTGTCTCCCTCTGGTTACAGGAAG-3ʹ
CYP1A1-M2F 5ʹ-CTGTCTCCCTCTGGTTACAGGAAGC-3ʹ BsrDI
CYP1A1-M2R 5ʹ-TTCCACCCGTTGCAGCAGGATAGCC-3ʹ
GSTP1-exF 5ʹ-CAGGTGTCAGGTGAGCTCTGAGCACC-3ʹ -
GSTP1-exR 5ʹ-ATAAGGGTGCAGGTTGTGTCTTGTCCC-3ʹ
GSTP1-inF 5ʹ-CGTGGAGGACCTCCGCTGCAAATCCA-3ʹ -
GSTP1-inR 5ʹ-CACATAGTTGGTGTAGATGAGGGATAC-3ʹ
ERCC2-M1F 5ʹ-CCCCCTCTCCCTTTCCTCTG-3ʹ MboII
ERCC2-M1R 5ʹ-AACCAGGGCCAGGCAAGAC-3ʹ
XRCC1-M1F 5ʹ-CAAGTACAGCCAGGTCCTAG-3ʹ MspI
XRCC1-M1R 5ʹ-CCTTCCCTCATCTGGAGTA-3ʹ
XRCC3ʹ-M1F 5ʹ-GCCTGGTGGTCATCGACTC-3ʹ NlaIII
XRCC3ʹ-M1R 5ʹ-GCACTGCTCAGCTCACGCACC-3ʹ

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis of variance or the t-test between groups was carried out using the SPSS 20.0 software. The representative sample group was investigated for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The correlation analysis between the polymorphisms of CYP1A1, GSTP1, ERCC2, XRCC1, and XRCC3 and the susceptibility to lung cancer was performed by multiple-logistic regression (univariate logistic regression). The results are reported as odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs); P was defined as bilateral probability and a P < 0.05 was considered a significant difference.

RESULTS

General information about the subjects

All statistical analysis results for the clinical data are shown in Table 2. In the present study, there were 308 cases of lung cancer in the patient group (161 cases of lung adenocarcinoma, 87 cases of lung squamous cell carcinoma, 46 cases of small cell lung cancer, and 14 cases of large cell lung cancer). The patient group comprised 192 males and 116 females with a mean age of 51 ± 6.2 years; 206 cases had a history of smoking and 189 cases had a history of alcohol consumption. The control group comprised 253 healthy adults recruited over the same period as the patients; there were 145 males and 108 females with a mean age of 50 ± 5.7 years; 113 cases had a history of smoking and 117 cases had a history of alcohol consumption. The healthy controls had an average of 10.2 ± 3.1 years of education. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of age, gender, years of education, gender composition, or any other aspect (P > 0.05).

Clinical data of patient and control groups.

Controls (N = 253) Patients (N = 308) P value
Average age 50 ± 5.7 51 ± 6.2 >0.05
Gender (male/female) 145/108 192/116 >0.05
Lung adenocarcinoma 0 161 <0.001
Lung squamous cell carcinoma 0 87 <0.001
Small cell lung cancer 0 46 <0.001
Large cell lung cancer 0 14 <0.001
History of smoking (yes/no) 113/140 206/102 <0.001
History of drinking (yes/no) 117/136 189/119 <0.001
Years of education 10.2 ± 3.1 10.5 ± 3.3 >0.05

PCR-RFLP investigation of gene polymorphism results

The rs4646903 polymorphism of CYP1A1 is located in the 3' thymine (T) non-coding region of the mutated cytosine (C), forming an MspI restriction site that yielded a 340-bp fragment length PCR product. Figure 1A shows the electrophoresis result for the product after MspI digestion. The homozygous mutation produced two fragments (200 and 140 bp), and the heterozygous mutation produced three fragments (340, 200, and 140 bp), whereas wild-type CYP1A1 could not be digested.

Gene polymorphisms of CYP1A1, GSTP1, ERCC2, XRCC1, and XRCC3 related to lung cancer. A. CYP1A1 rs4646903 gene polymorphism enzyme map. CT: heterozygous rs4646903 locus genotype; CC: homozygous rs4646903 locus genotype; TT: homozygous rs4646903 locus genotype. B. CYP1A1 rs1048943 gene polymorphism enzyme map. AA: wild-type rs1048943 locus genotype; AG: heterozygous rs1048943 locus genotype; GG: homozygous rs1048943 locus genotype. C. GSTP1 rs1695 gene polymorphism PCR product map. AA: wild-type rs1695 locus genotype; AG: heterozygous rs1695 locus genotype; GG: homozygous rs1695 locus genotype. D. ERCC2 rs13181 gene polymorphism restriction map. CC: homozygous rs13181 locus genotype; AC: heterozygous rs13181 locus genotype; AA: homozygous rs13181 locus genotype. E. XRCC1 rs25487 gene polymorphism restriction map. GG: homozygous wild-type rs25487 locus genotype; AG: heterozygous rs25487 locus genotype; AA: homozygous rs25487 locus genotype. F. XRCC3 rs861539 gene polymorphism restriction map. CC: homozygous wild-type rs861539 locus genotype; CT: heterozygous rs861539 locus genotype; TT: homozygous rs861539 locus genotype. Lane M: molecular marker.

The rs1048943 polymorphism of CYP1A1 is located outside exon 7 in a sequence of adenine (A) mutated to guanine (G), forming a BsrDI restriction site that yielded a 204-bp fragment length PCR product. The electrophoresis result for the product after BsrDI digestion is shown in Figure 1B. The homozygous mutation produced two fragments (139 and 65 bp), and the heterozygous mutation produced three fragments (204, 139, and 65 bp), whereas wild-type CYP1A1 could not be digested.

The rs1695 polymorphism of GSTP1 is located outside exon 5 in a sequence of adenine (A) mutated to guanine (G) in the inner and outer primer. As shown in Figure 1C, the amplification products of the different genotypes are different. The homozygous mutation produced two fragments (139 and 65 bp), and the heterozygous mutation produced three fragments (204, 139, and 65 bp), whereas wild-type GSTP1 could not be digested.

The rs13181 polymorphism of ERCC2 produced a coding sequence of adenine (A) mutated to cytosine (C). The electrophoresis result of the product after BsrDI digestion is shown in Figure 1D. The homozygous mutation produced two fragments (467 and 290 bp), and the heterozygous mutation produced three fragments (184, 102, and 82 bp), whereas wild-type ERCC2 produced a single 184-bp fragment.

The polymorphisms of XRCC1 and XRCC3 were defined as follows. The rs25487 polymorphism of XRCC1 is located on exon 10 outside guanine (G) mutated to adenine (A). The products of the XRCC1 gene after MspI digestion are shown in Figure 1E. The rs861539 polymorphism of XRCC3 is cytosine (C) mutated to thymine (T), which is located in exon 7. The products of the XRCC3 gene after NlaIII digestion are shown in Figure 1F.

Respiratory chain gene polymorphism and lung cancer susceptibility analysis

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was tested by the goodness of fit test in the healthy control group; the results showed that three respiratory chain gene polymorphisms (CYP1A1 rs4646903, CYP1A1 rs1048943, and GSTP1 rs1695) had loci that met the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P > 0.05), indicating that the present study sample was representative. The correlation analysis between the polymorphisms of CYP1A1, CYP1A1, and GSTP1 and susceptibility to lung cancer is shown in Table 3. In the control group, the homozygous mutation (CC type) of rs4646903 accounted for 11.4% in the CYP1A1 gene, the homozygous mutation (GG type) of rs1048943 accounted for 5.5% in the CYP1A1 gene, and the homozygous mutation (GG type) of rs1695 accounted for 1.6% in the GSTP1 gene. The relevance of each gene polymorphism to the risk of lung cancer was defined by odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) as follows: rs4646903 of CYP1A1 (OR = 2.62, 95%CI = 1.61-4.28, P < 0.001); rs1048943 of CYP1A1 (OR = 2.85, 95%CI = 1.54-5.32, P < 0.001); and rs1695 of GSTP1 (OR = 3.21, 95%CI = 1.12-9.30, P < 0.05). These results show that there is a correlation between the polymorphic loci and susceptibility to lung cancer.

Correlation between respiratory chain gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to lung cancer.

Gene Polymorphism Controls [N (%)] Patients [N (%)] OR (95%CI) P value
CYP1A1 rs4646903 TT 113 (44.7%) 99 (32.1%) 1.0 (Reference)
TC 111 (43.9%) 145 (47.1%) 1.51 (1.06-2.11) <0.05
CC 29 (11.4%) 64 (20.8%) 2.62 (1.61-4.28) <0.001
TC+CC 140 (55.3%) 209 (67.9%) 1.72 (1.25-2.38) <0.001
CYP1A1 rs1048943 AA 156 (61.7%) 165 (53.6%) 1.0 (Reference)
AG 83 (32.8%) 107 (34.7%) 1.19 (0.84-1.66) >0.05
GG 14 (5.5%) 36 (11.7%) 2.85 (1.54-5.32) <0.001
AG+GG 97 (38.3%) 143 (46.4%) 1.41 (1.02-1.92) <0.05
GSTP1 rs1695 AA 193 (76.3%) 215 (69.8%) 1.0 (Reference)
AG 56 (22.1%) 80 (26.0%) 1.38 (0.94-1.97) >0.05
GG 4 (1.6%) 13 (4.2%) 3.21 (1.12-9.30) <0.05
AG+GG 60 (23.7%) 93 (30.2%) 1.48 (1.04-2.11) <0.05

Correlation analysis of DNA repair gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to lung cancer

Correlation analysis was conducted on the polymorphisms of three genes that are involved in DNA repair (ERCC2, XRCC1, and XRCC3) and susceptibility to lung cancer (Table 4). In the control group, the homozygous mutation ratio of the loci of rs13181 of ERCC2, rs25487 of XRCC1, and rs861539 of XRCC3 were 1.6, 4.0, and 2.0%, respectively. The relevance of each gene polymorphism to the risk of lung cancer was defined by OR and 95%CI as follows: rs13181 of ERCC2 (OR = 5.61, 95%CI = 1.99-15.8, P < 0.001); and rs25487 of XRCC1 (OR = 2.61, 95%CI = 1.35-4.96, P < 0.05). The results show that there is a correlation between these polymorphic loci and susceptibility to lung cancer. However, there was no significant correlation between the polymorphic loci of rs861539 of XRCC3 (OR = 0.99, 95%CI = 0.69-1.41, P > 0.05) and susceptibility to lung cancer.

DNA repair-related gene polymorphism associated with susceptibility to lung cancer.

Gene Polymorphism Controls [N (%)] Patients [N (%)] OR (95%CI) P value
ERCC2 rs13181 AA 206 (81.4%) 221 (71.8%) 1.0 (Reference)
AC 43 (17.0%) 74 (24.0%) 1.62 (1.06-2.42) <0.05
CC 4 (1.6%) 13 (4.2%) 5.61 (1.99-15.8) <0.001
AC+CC 47 (18.63%) 87 (28.2%) 1.89 (1.28-2.78) <0.001
XRCC1 rs25487 GG 162 (64.0%) 162 (52.6%) 1.0 (Reference)
AG 81 (32.0%) 114 (37.0%) 1.39 (0.98-1.95) >0.05
AA 10 (4.0%) 32 (10.4%) 2.61 (1.35-4.96) <0.05
AG+AA 91 (36.0%) 146 (47.4%) 1.55 (1.11-2.14) <0.05
XRCC3 rs861539 CC 197 (77.9%) 235 (76.3%) 1.0 (Reference)
CT 51 (20.2%) 65 (21.1%) 0.97 (0.64-1.40) >0.05
TT 4 (2.0%) 8 (2.6%) 1.33 (0.48-3.77) >0.05
CT+TT 55 (22.2%) 73 (23.7%) 0.99 (0.69-1.41) >0.05

Analysis of combined multi-gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to lung cancer

Table 5 shows the results of the correlation analysis of combined multi-gene respiratory chain-related gene polymorphisms (rs4646903 of CYP1A1 and rs1695 of GSTP1) and susceptibility to lung cancer, and three DNA repair gene polymorphisms (rs13181 of ERCC2, rs25487 of XRCC1, and rs861539 of XRCC3) and susceptibility to lung cancer. We found that susceptibility to lung cancer increased significantly with an increase in the number of gene polymorphisms. There was a greater than 4-fold increase in susceptibility to lung cancer when CYP1A1, GSTP1, and the three DNA repair gene polymorphisms were present at the same time. Moreover, we found that the correlation between rs13181 of ERCC2 and susceptibility to lung cancer was the highest (OR = 5.74, 95%CI = 1.7-15.6).

Correlation between combined gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to lung cancer.

CYP1A1 GSTP1 DNA repair gene Treatment/control OR (95%CI) P value
rs4646903 rs1695 rs13181
0 0 0 59/71 1.0 (Reference)
1 0 0 99/82 1.48 (0.98-2.27) >0.05
0 1 0 15/22 0.92 (0.44-1.80) >0.05
0 0 1 14/16 1.11 (0.52-2.41) >0.05
1 1 0 48/30 2.08 (1.21-3.56) <0.05
1 0 1 43/23 2.48 (1.36-4.40) <0.05
0 1 1 11/3 5.87 (1.67-20.4) <0.05
1 1 1 19/5 5.74 (1.70-15.6) <0.001
rs4646903 rs1695 rs25487
0 0 0 38/57 1.0 (Reference)
1 0 0 73/68 1.80 (1.07-2.93) <0.05
0 1 0 18/15 1.76 (0.86-3.70) >0.05
0 0 1 35/30 1.77 (0.97-3.22) >0.05
1 1 0 33/21 2.53 (1.32-4.81) <0.05
1 0 1 69/37 2.63 (1.52-4.47) <0.001
0 1 1 7/11 1.58 (0.65-4.14) >0.05
1 1 1 34/13 4.09 (2.01-8.24) <0.001
rs4646903 rs1695 rs861539
0 0 0 63/63 1.0 (Reference) >0.05
1 0 0 115/83 1.45 (0.96-2.23) >0.05
0 1 0 21/21 1.14 (0.55-2.14) <0.05
0 0 1 10/25 0.43 (0.21-0.90) >0.05
1 1 0 36/30 1.46 (0.83-2.57) >0.05
1 0 1 27/23 1.13 (0.65-2.11) <0.001
0 1 1 5/4 1.24 (0.36-4.43) >0.05
1 1 1 31/5 4.93 (2.01-12.5) >0.05

DISCUSSION

Studies have shown that abnormal expression levels of genes related to the metabolism of carcinogens in cells, such as those that encode the CYP superfamily of proteins, the GST superfamily of proteins, or the DNA repair-associated proteins, might lead to an increase in the risk of developing cancer (Li et al., 2014; Mota et al., 2015; Zhao et al., 2015). In the present study, we used PCR and PCR-RFLP to investigate gene polymorphisms in key respiratory chain genes that take part in DNA damage repair, including CYP1A1, GSTP1, ERCC2, XRCC1, and XRCC3. We then conducted a correlation analysis of the relationship between polymorphisms in these genes and susceptibility to lung cancer. We discovered that rs4646903 and rs1048943 of CYP1A1, rs1695 of GSTP1, rs13181 of ERCC2, and rs25487 of XRCC1 are correlated with susceptibility to lung cancer, but there was no significant correlation between rs861539 of XRCC3 and susceptibility to lung cancer. We also found that when an individual carries a large number of polymorphisms related to the risk of lung cancer, their risk of developing lung cancer increases significantly.

CYP1A1 is involved in the metabolization of a variety of carcinogens, including tobacco benzopyrene and other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Abdull Razis et al., 2015). Studies have shown that the C allele in the rs4646903 polymorphism of CYP1A1 can increase the induction rate of CYP1A1, which may increase the risk of lung cancer in smokers (Abbas et al., 2014). The rs1048943 polymorphism of CYP1A1 can cause Ile at amino acid number 462 to mutate to Val, which affects the activity of the CYP1A1 protein. Ultimately, it also affects the metabolization of tobacco carcinogens, increasing susceptibility to lung cancer (Xu et al., 2013).

The rs1695 polymorphism of GSTP1 can cause Ile at amino acid number 105 of GSTP1 to mutate to Val leading to reduced activity of the GSTP1 protein, which also affects susceptibility to lung cancer (Ibarrola-Villava et al., 2012). That particular polymorphism is most prevalent in African-Americans, followed by Caucasians and Asians (Hezova et al., 2012). Like CYP1A1, GSTP1 is involved in the metabolic processing of tobacco carcinogens such as 7,8-epoxy-9,10-dihydroxyvitamin acrolein and benzopyrene, which affects susceptibility to lung cancer (Li et al., 2010); this result was confirmed in the present study.

Currently, at least four DNA damage repair pathways are known including BER, NER, DSBR, and mismatch repair. In the present study, we found a correlation between the occurrence of lung cancer and gene polymorphisms of key genes in the BER, NER, and DSBR pathways (Qian et al., 2011). The authors of several studies have reported that three polymorphisms in DNA repair genes (rs13181 of ERCC2, rs861539 of XRCC1, and rs25487 of XRCC3) affect the DNA damage repair process in cells (Kiyohara et al., 2012; Huang et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2013). In the present study, we found that rs13181 of ERCC2 and rs25487 of XRCC1 are closely related to the risk of lung cancer, but there is no significant correlation between rs861539 of XRCC3 and the risk of lung cancer. This may be because the rs861539 polymorphism of XRCC3 is related to DNA adduct levels; the polymorphism may reduce the efficiency of DNA repair, but there is no obvious correlation with susceptibility to lung cancer. This inconsistent relationship requires further investigation.

Studies have shown that smokers with different genetic backgrounds have different levels of sensitivity to lung cancer. The early identification of a lung cancer-associated genotype would be of great significance to the prevention and active treatment of lung cancer. In the present study, statistical analysis was conducted on the correlation between rs4646903 and rs1048943 polymorphisms of CYP1A1, rs1695 of GSTP1, rs13181 of ERCC2, and rs25487 of XRCC1 and susceptibility to lung cancer. The results help explain the relationship between DNA damage repair and respiratory chain genes and susceptibility to lung cancer. They also provide a theoretical and practical basis for the analysis of clinical gene polymorphisms to predict the risk of lung cancer and improve early lung cancer treatment.

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